Bali+Bombing+2002

The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack was the deadliest act of terrorism in the history of Indonesia, killing 202 people, (including 88 Australians, and 38 Indonesian citizens). A further 240 people were injured. The organisation suspected of responsibility for the bombing was Jemaah Islamiyah, an Islamist group allegedly led by radical cleric Abu Bakar Bashir. A week after the blasts Arab satellite channel Al-Jazeera put to air an audio-cassette purportedly carrying a recorded voice message from Osama Bin Laden saying that the Bali bombings were in direct retaliation for support of the United States' war on terror and Australia's role in the liberation of East Timor. The reason for choosing Bali was simple; the country was frequented by many American and their associates. The terrorists also believe that they were helping to fight the holy war and were helping to “defend” the people of Afghanistan from America However the death toll was mostly made up of Australians and Indonesians. This clearly reveals that the plotters were poorly informed, or the attack might even be executed by other terrorist group. Four suspects were all sentenced to death. On 30 April 2003, the first charges related to the Bali bombings were made against Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim, known as Amrozi, for allegedly buying the explosives and the van used in the bombings. On 8 August he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Another participant in the bombing, Imam Samudra, was sentenced to death on 10 September. Amrozi's brother, Ali Imron, who had expressed remorse for his part in the bombing, was sentenced to life imprisonment on 18 September. A fourth accused, Ali Ghufron, the brother-in-law of Noordin Mohammed Top was sentenced to death on 1 October. Amrozi who was the first to be sentenced laughed and joked about his case, giving a thumbs-up sign when he was convicted. He said he was happy to die a martyr. One of the many important concerns created by the Bali bombings is the effect on the Indonesian economy. The most obvious effect is the damage to tourism on the island of Bali. Bali accounts for about 40 per cent of Indonesia's earnings from tourism, which last year earned $US 5.4 billion in foreign exchange. Tourism revenue ranks alongside clothing, textiles and petroleum products as the biggest sources of foreign income for Indonesia. But apart from the immediate effect on the tourism industry, the Bali explosions are likely to add to Indonesia's already serious problems with lack of foreign investment. The lack of foreign investment was due to investors losing confidence in the Indonesian’s economy after the Bali bombing. This made doing business costly and risky. Investors have been reluctant to commit to Indonesia because of perceived political instability and poor economic prospects, as well as problems with corruption in the bureaucracy and the legal and judicial system that make doing business costly and risky. The Bali events will add to perceptions about violence and threats to the personal safety of foreigners Without new investment, sustained growth will be impossible, especially since five years of no investment in infrastructure such as power generation has left the economy with emerging structural weaknesses. Regular power failures are beginning to occur across the key island of Java. The Bali bombing did not just cost lives but had also damaged its economic badly.
 * __ Brandon Low And Jordon Lee (4I) __****__ Bali Bombing __**

**__ Economic Impact __** Today, international peace and security are being threatened by the transnational terrorism. Transnational terrorism involves the unlawful use of force or indiscriminate violence by internationally-linked groups against persons and properties in many different parts of the world.

The 2002 Bali Bombing had an economic impact and thus, had an impact on Indonesia’s growth. Due to the potential of future attacks, people were afraid of flying. The Bali Bombing had caused people to fear flying. Eventually, the airline industry in Indonesia was affected as there was reduced demand for air travel. In addition, as people feared flying and travelling, there were fewer tourists visiting Bali. Consequently, there was reduced business for hotels, restaurants and boutiques. As the services industries – including tourism, retail and hospitality – form a major component of Indonesia’s economy, growth was affected. Terrorist attacks also put additional strain on the government. Government spending increased as there is a greater need to cater for increased security to counter acts of terrorism. In Indonesia, the government has deployed more police and troops to guard areas such as airports, embassies and other sensitive installations. As the government has to spend large amounts of money on enhancing security to prevent a terrorist attack, other areas of development in the country would be affected. The government might not have enough resources to spend on important areas such as health, education and transport. The people would be worse off as a result

background info too lengthy. key economic impact highlighted 7/10

**__London Bombing __** Terrence Lerh (28) & Chia Jia Yi (24) 4I

The 7 July 2005 London bombings (referred to often as 7/7) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks upon Londoners using the public transport system during the morning "rush hour". During that morning, four militants detonated four bombs, three on London Underground trains in quick succession, a fourth bomb exploding an hour later in a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square. Fifty-six people, including four bombers, were killed by the attacks, and about 700 were injured. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The police operation surrounding the 7 July London bombs is "enormous" and "is still very much a live investigation", the government's official report said. It said the bombs were constructed using materials which were readily available and which required "little expertise" to turn into the explosive devices. The group, consisting of outwardly unremarkable young men, was motivated by "fierce antagonism to perceived injustices by the West against Muslims" and a desire for martyrdom. But the report, released on 11 May 2006, said many details about how the four bombers were radicalised, how the attacks were carried out and whether others were involved were still to be discovered. The extent of al-Qaeda involvement in the attacks, which killed 52 people, also remained unclear. Investigators said there was no evidence of a fifth bomber, however. Police were checking more than 12,500 statements, 26,000 items - including 5,000 which were being forensically examined - and 6,000 hours of CCTV. The "real difficulty" in identifying potential terrorists was that there had been little outward sign of the potential for violent extremism among the men, the report said. With the possible exception of Germaine Lindsay "there is little in their backgrounds which mark them out as particularly vulnerable to radicalisation", it said. Prime Minister Tony Blair blamed Islamic extremists for the Thursday morning bombings and vowed to bring those responsible to justice. In a televised address to his nation, he praised "the stoicism and resilience of the people of London" in the face of the bloodshed. "We will not be intimidated," Blair said. The Union Jack flew at half-staff over Buckingham Palace on Thursday evening after the British capital's bloodiest day since World War II. Queen Elizabeth II will visit with some of those "affected by the tragedy" Friday, Buckingham Palace announced. Home Secretary Charles Clarke, the Cabinet official in charge of domestic security, told the British television network ITN that police are facing "total carnage" at the bomb scenes. After meeting with the government's Emergency Committee, Blair vowed "the most intense police and security service action to make sure that we bring those responsible to justice." Police do not know whether suicide bombers carried out the attacks or whether bombs had been left in packages on the Underground or in buses, according to Brian Paddick, Metropolitan Police deputy assistant commissioner. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus, the London Bombing cost the lives of citizens.

**__ Economic Impact __** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">The London Bombing had a tremendous impact on the US as well as the world. The total loss of life and property cost insurance companies about US$40 billion. The airline industry, especially, lost a lot of business in the months following the attacks as many people were afraid of flying. The US government had to step in to provide economic help to the airline industry to prevent airline companies from closing down in the immediate period after the attacks. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">These limited immediate reactions to the attack in the world economy are measured by financial market and exchange rate activity. The value of the British pound decreased 0.89 cents to a 19-month low against the US$. The FTSE 100 Index decreased by about 200 points during the two hours after the first attack. This was its greatest decrease since the start of the war in Iraq, and it triggered the London Stock Exchange's special measures, restricting panic selling and aimed at ensuring market stability. However, by the time the market closed it had recovered to only 71.3 points (1.36%) down on the previous day's three-year closing high. Markets in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain also closed about 1% down on the day. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">US market indexes increased slightly, partly because the dollar index increased sharply against the pound and the euro. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 31.61 to 10,302.29. The Nasdaq Composite Index increased 7.01 to 2075.66. The S&P 500 increased 2.93 points to 1197.87 after decreasing as much as 1%. Every benchmark value gained 0.3%. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">The market values increased again on 8 July as it became clear that the damage caused by the bombings was not as great as thought initially. By end of trading the market had recovered fully to above its level at start of trading on 7 July. Insurers in the UK tend to re-insure their terrorist liabilities in excess of the first ﻿ £ ﻿75,000,000 with Pool Re, a mutual insurer established by the government with major insurers. Pool Re has substantial reserves and newspaper reports indicated that claims would easily be funded. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">On 9 July, the Bank of England, HM Treasury and the Financial Services Authority revealed that they had instigated contingency plans immediately after the attacks to ensure that the UK financial markets could keep trading. This involved the activation of a "secret chatroom" on the British Government's Financial Sector Continuity website, which allowed the institutions to communicate with the country's banks and market dealers. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">Thus the US government, in turn, faced pressure to relieve the economic hardships faced by the people there.

write-up is too long, it should be news article format. information that was collated was not edited 6/10

Yifan (38) & Junhao (31) è 4Integrity Madrid is the capital of Spain. In the recent years, Madrid had suffered several terrorist attacks. On 11 March 2004, there were consecutive bombings on four public trains in this Spanish capital. With 191 deaths and 1841 casualties, it was the one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in Europe. There were many involve in the operation. Tunisian Serape been Abdelmajid Fakhet was the mastermind, following was other six suicide bombers. All of them died in a explosion at a Madrid flat in April 2004 as the police were closing in on them. Sadly one of the police officer was sacrificed in that mission. Twenty one Moroccans were convicted of involvement in the attacks. Three of the key defendants received maximum jail sentences. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">Funerals were to be carried out in the day, and Prime Minister Jose Maria Aztar called for Spaniards across the country to march to protest violence. Pressed by reporters as to why Spanish officials quickly blamed ETA, only to later say Islamic terrorists may have been behind the attacks, Aztar refused to speculate as to who was responsible. ETA has been designated a terrorist organization by the United States and the European Union."We are talking about a horrendous terrorist attack. ... Don't ask me to play lotto," Aztar said. "I cannot evaluate probabilities. We only work with things that are proven."While a group claiming to represent al Qaeda said it was behind the attack, intelligence sources have consistently told CNN that the group does not speak for al Qaeda, and is unreliable. Meanwhile, relatives gathered at a makeshift morgue in a Madrid exhibition hall to identify the remains of their loved ones. Red Cross officials said DNA and dental records would have to be used to identify some of the remains. The process of identification is expected to speed up Friday when a team of forensic experts from Israel arrives in Madrid to assist Spanish officials. The Madrid explosions occurred Thursday shortly before 8 a.m. (2 a.m. EST), when four separate trains at three different stations were rocked by blasts along the southern part of Madrid's rail network. Interior Minister Angel Accedes said there were a total of 10 explosions at the Santa Eugenia, El Pogo and Atcham stations -- three other bombs were found and detonated by police. Authorities are also investigating a van found with seven detonators and an Arabic tape of Korana teachings in a Madrid suburb, Accedes said. The tape contained no threats and is available commercially. The van was stolen last month, and authorities were led to it by a tip from the public, according to the interior minister. The bombings came two and a half years to the day after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks on the United States. Countries across the world expressed their outrage. Al Qaeda had previously threatened any country that allied itself with the United States in the war against Iraq. Spain has been a key U.S. ally. An Arabic-language newspaper in London said it received an e-mail claim of responsibility in the name of al Qaeda from the Abu Hafts al-Mari Brigade. While it has claimed previous attacks blamed on al Qaeda, the Abu Hafts al-Mari Brigade has also claimed responsibility for the U.S. power blackout last summer, a claim dismissed by terror experts. The Madrid attack came ahead of Sunday's general election in which Spain's conservative ruling Popular Party -- which has taken a hard-line stance against ETA -- is currently leading in the polls. After the blasts, all political parties announced they were suspending campaign rallies ahead of the election. Aztar addressed the nation and condemned ETA, saying they must be crushed and that there will be "no possible negotiation with these killers." "March 11, 2004, now holds its place in the history of infamy," he said. The scale of the attack is unlike anything ETA has ever carried out. ETA is listed as a terrorist organization by the United States and the European Union. Before Thursday's attack, the highest death toll in any ETA-linked attack was in 1987 -- when 21 were killed in a Barcelona supermarket blast. Attacks blamed on or claimed by ETA over the last three decades have killed 800 people in Spain. The group has been fighting for an independent homeland in northern Spain. Authorities also say ETA usually warns authorities before an attack, and claims responsibility for its actions. **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Political Impacts: __** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt;">The magnitude of the attack called for the mobilisation of resources from several municipalities in the region. This resulted in not only the regional but also the national command organisation being activated, something which has previously never happened. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt;">Spain has experienced in the last few years the highest relative and absolute growth in immigrant flows of the entire European Union. Society’s perception of a phenomenon previously almost unknown varies according to the opinions that circulate in public debate and depending on the extent to which immigration impinges on people’s daily life. Opinion polls have recorded this changing attitude over recent times. Although in general the view is favourable to the influx of new inhabitants, provided they have ready access to a job and are prepared to integrate themselves within Spanish society, there is a growing concern at the risk that an increasing foreign population could lead to rises in the crime rate and concern for public safety. Governments have a responsibility to keep their citizens safe from terrorists. As a result, governments have had to tighten various controls such as stepping up border security to ensure that terrorists do not slip in to the country. These border security measures involve greater checks and travellers identities and belongings, slowing down immigration clearance as a result. Intrusive legislation aimed at countering terrorism has also been introduced. Critics argue that these measures and laws infringe on individual freedom and personal privacy. Indeed, the transnational terrorism threat has generated much debate on the “trade-off” between security and freedom.
 * __ THE EPIC MADRID BOMBINGS __**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt;">Also very lengthy, not necessary to give so much info, need to summarise and just report important points <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt;">6/10