Madrid+bombing+2004

=|| Ng Tzyy Ling 4A ||= =__Madrid bombing 2004__=

__**On March 11, 2004, ten bombs went off virtually simultaneously in trains carrying commuters into Madrid. 190 people died in the attacks, with approximately 2,000 people wounded.**__
The Madrid train bombings consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the //Cercanías// (commuter train) system of Madrid, Spain on the morning of 11 March 2004 (three days before Spain's general elections), killing 191 people and wounding 1,800. The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell although no direct al-Qaeda participation (only "inspiration") has been established. Spanish miners who did not carry out the attacks but who sold the explosives to the terrorists were also arrested. Controversy regarding the handling and representation of the bombings by the government arose with Spain's two main political parties (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Partido Popular (PP)), accusing each other of concealing or distorting evidence for electoral reasons. The bombings occurred three days before general elections which resulted in the defeat of the incumbent José María Aznar's PP, which had obtained a small but narrowing lead in the opinion polls. Immediately after the bombing leaders of the PP claimed evidence indicating the Basque separatist organization ETA was responsible for the bombings, an outcome generally thought favorable to the PP's chances of being re-elected, while Islamist responsibility would have had the opposite effect, as it would have been perceived a consequence of the PP government taking Spain into the Iraq War, a policy very unpopular with Spaniards. Nationwide demonstrations and protests followed the attacks. The predominant view among political analysts is that the Aznar administration lost the general elections as a result of the handling and representation of the terrorist attacks, rather than the bombings per se. After 21 months of investigation, judge Juan del Olmo ruled Moroccan national Jamal Zougam guilty of physically carrying out the attack, ruling out any ETA intervention. The September 2007 sentence established no known mastermind nor direct al-Qaida link.

__Economic Impact __
Spain's economy grew 2.8 percent in the first quarter compared to the same period of 2004, and the March 11 terror attack in Madrid appears to have had negligible economic impact in Spain and elsewhere in Europe. As a result of the blasts in the commuter trains, however, 191 people were killed and 1,841 injured. Though the attacks caused immediate material damages of €17.62 million, the minimum direct economic cost has been estimated at more than €211.58m.

**There are more information about the Madrid bombing 2004 which can be used in essays found in []. Very good information!

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**Dong Qi (5) 4A**

 * Madrid Bombing in 2004[[image:http://tomdiaz.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/madrid-bombing-large-011.jpg width="370" height="240" align="right"]]**

 coordinated near-simultaneous attacks targeting commuter trains in Madrid on the morning of March 11, 2004. Beginning at 7:37 am and continuing for several minutes, 10 bombs exploded on four trains in and around Atocha Station in the city’s centre, leaving 191 dead and more than 1,800 injured. Occurring just three days before Spain’s general elections, the attacks had major political consequences.   Both the Spanish government and the Spanish media immediately attributed the bombings to ETA, a Basque separatist organization whose campaign of violence over more than 30 years had claimed the lives of at least 800 people. Indeed, Ángel Acebes, the country’s interior minister, claimed, “There is no doubt ETA is responsible.” In an outpouring of grief and defiance, the following day an estimated 11 million Spaniards, including some 2.3 million in Madrid alone, participated in demonstrations against the violence and in support of the victims. This display of unity rapidly broke down, however, as the police investigation began to focus on the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda. On March 13, as the first arrests were being made, the government continued to blame ETA.   That evening spontaneous protests took place in Madrid, Barcelona, and other cities as demonstrators chanted, “We want to know the truth before we vote.” With some 90 percent of Spaniards opposed to Prime Minister José María Aznar’s support for the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, the Islamic connection inevitably put Iraq back on top of the political agenda. This favoured the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), which had strongly opposed the war. On March 14 the PSOE scored an upset victory at the polls, and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero was sworn in as prime minister three days later.   In October 2007, 18 Islamic fundamentalists of mainly North African origin and three Spanish accomplices were convicted of the bombings (seven others were acquitted), which were one of Europe’s deadliest terrorist attacks in the years since World War II.   Adapted from : [] <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> []

**Economic Impact** **﻿** ** Impact of Past Unexpected Crises on Real GDP (% change, annual rate) ** ** Market-Shock Events and the S&P 500 ** || ﻿Overall, Although there was a econimic lost due to Bombing, but compare to other terrorist attact in other countries, the econimic lost was insignaficant. <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> Adapted from: [] <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> ﻿ [] <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;"> ﻿ [] <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: left;">
 * ** Event ** ||  ** Date **  ||  ** Quarter of Event **  ||  ** Quarter after Event **  ||  ** Four Quarters after Event  **  ||
 * London subway bombings ||  July 7, 2005  ||  E3.8  ||  E2.9  ||  E3.2   ||
 * Madrid train bombings ||  March 11, 2004  ||  4.5  ||  3.3  ||  3.7   ||
 * World Trade Center attacks ||  September 11, 2001  ||  -1.4  ||  1.6  ||  2.5   ||
 * Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait ||  August 2, 1990  ||  0.0  ||  -3.0  ||  -0.1   ||
 * Reagan assassination attempt ||  March 30, 1981  ||  8.4  ||  -3.1  ||  -2.5   ||
 * OPEC oil embargo ||  October 17, 1973  ||  3.9  ||  -3.4  ||  -1.9   ||
 * Kennedy assassination ||  November 22, 1963  ||  3.2  ||  9.3  ||  5.1   ||
 * Cuban missile crisis ||  October 22, 1962  ||  1.0  ||  5.3  ||  5.3   ||
 * Average ||    ||  2.8  ||  1.4  ||  1.7  ||
 * Average ||    ||  2.8  ||  1.4  ||  1.7  ||
 * ** Event ** ||  ** Market's Previous Close **  ||  ** One Day after Event **  ||  ** % Change **  ||  ** Bottom **  ||  ** Trading Days to Bottom **  ||  ** % Change **  ||  ** Days to Recover  **  ||
 * London subway bombings  ||   1,194.9   ||   1,197.9   ||   0.2   ||      ||      ||      ||     ||
 * Madrid train bombings  ||   1,140.6   ||   1,123.9   ||   -1.5   ||   1094.0   ||   10   ||   -4.1   ||   18    ||
 * World Trade Center attacks  ||   1,092.5   ||   1,038.8   ||   -4.9   ||   965.8   ||   5   ||   -11.6   ||   19    ||
 * Iraqi invasion of Kuwait  ||   355.5   ||   351.5   ||   -1.1   ||   334.4   ||   2   ||   -5.9   ||   30    ||
 * Reagan assassination attempt  ||   136.3   ||   134.7   ||   -1.2   ||   134.7   ||   1   ||   -1.2   ||   4    ||
 * OPEC oil embargo  ||   111.3   ||   110.05   ||   -1.1   ||   109.2   ||   6   ||   -1.9   ||   10    ||
 * Kennedy assassination  ||   71.62   ||   69.61   ||   -2.8   ||   69.61   ||   1   ||   -2.8   ||   2    ||
 * Cuban missile crisis  ||   54.96   ||   53.49   ||   -2.7   ||   53.49   ||   1   ||   -2.7   ||   5    ||
 * Average  ||      ||      ||   -2.2   ||      ||   4   ||   -4.3   ||   13
 * Average  ||      ||      ||   -2.2   ||      ||   4   ||   -4.3   ||   13

Tessa Sam (29) 4A
=__London Bombing 2005__=


 * Four suicide bombers struck in central London on Thursday 7 July, killing 52 people and injuring more than 770. **** The police operation surrounding the 7 July London bombs is "enormous" and "is still very much a live investigation", the government's official report said. **

The co-ordinated attacks hit the transport system as the morning rush hour drew to a close. Three bombs went off at or around 0850 BST on underground trains just outside Liverpool Street and Edgware Road stations, and on another travelling between King's Cross and Russell Square. The final explosion was around an hour later on a double-decked bus in Tavistock Square, not far from King's Cross.

It said the bombs were constructed using materials which were readily available and which required "little expertise" to turn into the explosive devices. The group, consisting of outwardly unremarkable young men, was motivated by "fierce antagonism to perceived injustices by the West against Muslims" and a desire for martyrdom. But the report, released on 11 May 2006, said many details about how the four bombers were radicalised, how the attacks were carried out and whether others were involved were still to be discovered. The extent of Al-Qaeda involvement in the attacks, which killed 52 people, also remained unclear.

Police were checking more than 12,500 statements, 26,000 items - including 5,000 which were being forensically examined - and 6,000 hours of CCTV. The "real difficulty" in identifying potential terrorists was that there had been little outward sign of the potential for violent extremism among the men, the report said. With the possible exception of Germaine Lindsay "there is little in their backgrounds which mark them out as particularly vulnerable to radicalization", it said.

[Adapted from [] []]

**__ ECONOMIC IMPACT __**

The economic impact of the 2005 London bombings was not even close to the devastation of the 9/11 attacks. There are several reasons for this, mostly because of the lessons learned from the 9/11 attacks.

The foremost explanation is that the London attacks didn’t destroy the financial infrastructure.

Due to the 9/11 attacks, “regulators and financial firms have also set up a number of mechanisms to handle market disruptions. The immediate impact on the English economy brought little disruption. On July 7, trading on both the London Stock Exchange and the London Financial Futures and Option Exchange had no interference by the attack. For British’s financial system to assess the disruption, calls were made within central banks, finance ministries and leading financial institutions. Precautionary assessment was also done in the United States. The British’s Treasury officials communicated with the Fed and Securities and Exchange Commission. Quickly it was determined that the world economy felt no immediate impact of the attack. The Financial Services Sector Coordinating Council, a private –sector group set up after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks to examine possible threats to the United States financial infrastructure”, Reilly David.

The above information suggests that terrorism does not have an effect on the economy. This is not the case. Although the impact is not necessarily seen in the short term, the economy is affected by it in the long term. The Israel Interdisciplinary Centre in Herzliya has been studying the effects of terrorist attacks on the economy. This centre has determined that although one single event such as the London bombings cannot be used to gauge economic impact, there is enough data to draw some conclusions.

Terrorism as a global trend is having an impact on the economy.

“From an economic point of view, terrorism works. For a relatively small investment terrorists obtain a large economic impact” (Walters, Patrick)

Gradually the global economy is being hurt by the constant threat of terrorism and the attacks.

[Adapted from []]

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= =**Xenia Yang (32) 4A**= __LONDON BOMBING 2005__ The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of co-ordinated suicide bombings that struck London's public transport system during the morning rush hour.

At 8:50 a.m. (BST, UTC+1), three bombs exploded within 50 seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth bomb exploded on a bus at 9:47 a.m. in Tavistock Square. The bombings led to a severe, day-long disruption of the city's transport and mobile telecommunications infrastructure.

Fifty-six people were killed in the attacks, including the four suspected bombers, and about 700 injured. The incident was the deadliest single act of terrorism in the United Kingdom since Lockerbie (the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 which killed 270), and the deadliest bombing in London since the Second World War.

Police investigators identified four men whom they believe to be suicide bombers. These are the first suicide bombings in Western Europe, and are thought to have been planned by Islamist paramilitary organisations based in the United Kingdom; the terrorist organization al-Qaeda claimed responsibility.

The bombings came while the UK was hosting the first full day of the 31st G8 summit, a day after London was chosen to host the 2012 Summer Olympics, two days after the beginning of the trial of fundamentalist cleric Abu Hamza, five days after the Live 8 concert was held there, and shortly after Britain had assumed the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union.

On 21 July 2005, a second series of four explosions took place on the London Underground and a London bus. The detonators of all four bombs exploded, but none of the main explosive charges detonated, and there were no casualties: the single injury reported at the time was later revealed to be an asthma sufferer. All suspected bombers from this failed attack escaped from the scenes but were later arrested. The 21 July attacks will not be discussed further in this article.

[Adapted from [] ]

__Economic Impact__

<span style="color: #666666; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">I <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px;">n light of these factors, the WTTC Crisis Event Forecasting Model developed by Oxford Economic Forecasting was engaged for the first time since it's launch at the WTTC Global Tourism Summit in Delhi in May 2005. The Crisis Event Forecasting Model suggested that in 2005: <span style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">*Please note that it is not unusual for government spending levels to increase during a period of crisis as a result of increased activity, security and ultimately renewed marketing and promotion to re-engage visitors. <span style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Jean-Claude Baumgarten, WTTC President, said "It is expected that the impact of the London bombing, much like that realized by the Madrid and Bali bombings will continue into 2006 but will have completely dissipated by 2007. Of course this assumes that UK authorities undertake at least similarly strong measures of reassurance and encouragement to regain and rebuild visitor confidence and that no further events take place in the meantime."
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">UK visitor arrivals may decline by approximately 588,000 from previously forecast levels (30,947,368), a decline of 1.9 per cent.
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Personal Travel & Tourism by UK residents may decline by GBP2.3 billion, a loss of 2.3 per cent from previously forecast levels (GBP102 billion).
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Business Travel & Tourism by UK companies may decline by GBP523 million, representing a loss of 2.3 per cent previously forecast levels (GBP 22.7 billion).
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Government Travel & Tourism expenditures may increase* by GBP470 million, representing a gain of 6.3 per cent over previous forecast levels (GBP 12.6 billion).
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Visitor Exports may decrease 1.9 per cent or GBP386 million from previously forecast levels (GBP 34.9 billion).
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Travel & Tourism Industry GDP may decrease 2.0 per cent or GBP927 million from previously forecast levels (GBP46.8 billion).
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Travel & Tourism Economy GDP may decrease 1.5 per cent or GBP1.9 billion from previously forecast levels (GBP122.5 billion)
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Travel & Tourism Industry employment may shrink by 0.49 per cent.
 * <span style="color: #73b173; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 100; line-height: 16px; list-style-position: inside; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Travel & Tourism Economy employment may reduce by 0.55 per cent.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px;">[Adapted from [] ]<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px;">

=Devi Mariani (4) and Rita (21)=

__Bali Bombing 2002__

 * " The windows of the hotel blew out, the upper floors have lost their ceilings and dropped in and there was an incredible amount of smoke int he sky".an account from a witness of the Bali bombing.**

On 12 October 2002, the indonesia holiday island of Bali encountered a sudden bomb explosion which was led by Islamic terrorist organisation Jemaah Islamiyah (JI).

The attack was the deadliest act of terrorism in the history of Indonesia, killing 202 people, (including 88Australian and 38 Indonesian citizens). A further 240 people were injured. Identification of the dead was difficult because of serious burn injuries.

The attack involved the detonation of three bombs; a backpack-mounted device carried by a suicide bomber; a latge car bomb, both of which were detonated in or near popular nightclubs in Kuta; and a third much smaller device detonated outside the United States consulate in Denpasar, causing only minor damage.

Many of the dead and wounded were Australians, but Indonesian, German, French, British and Americans also were amount the casualties. One American and five Britons were among the confirmed dead.

The bombings intensified US pressure on Indonesia to crack down on militant Islamic groups in the country, particular those that alleged to have links with a series of planned or executed bomb attacks throughout the Southeast Asian region in recent months. There has, for some time, been friction in US Indonesia relations over what Us saw as Indonesia's failure to effectively support the US ' war on terror'.

Various members of Jemaah Islamiyah, were found guilty and sentenced to death. Abu Bakar Bashir, the alleged spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, was found guilty and sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. However Bashir only served 18 months of his 2.5 years imprisonment, because of his indirect involvement with the incident.

__Economic Impact__
The effect of this Bali bombing is the damage to tourism on the island of Bali. Bali is one of the less-developed regions of Indonesia and is heavily dependent on this one industry to provide jobs for a workforce that is otherwise mostly involved in semi-subsistence agriculture.However, after this bombing, tourists were deterred from coming to Bali in fear of another bomb explosion. The locals suffered badly as most of their income dropped due to the decrease in number of tourists coming to travel. This may also led to the country annual income to drop as 40% of the country annual income depends on the tourism in Bali. A large amount of funds were also needed to rebuild the damaged buildings, to treat the injured victims, to focus on the armed force's training to ensure the safety of the country and replenish its reputation.